Monday 5 December 2011

velar or uvular?

Commenting on my recent posting about Tokyo Sexwale (22 Nov), Roger Lass writes
…You mention the ‘velar fricative’ in Afrikaans. I must say that in over 25 years here in contact with Afrikaans I've rarely heard one except in a few hyper-posh varieties, or occasionally (but rarely) before front vowels in an uncommon version of the German ‘ich/ach rule’. The normal reflex of the early Germanic voiced back fricative, spelled <g>, is virtually always uvular, either a fricative or especially in initial position before a stressed vowel a voiceless uvular trill. This falls in with the voiceless back fricative < IE *k, so uvulars in goed, nag. Very similar if not identical to what is often called /x/ in Dutch but is also uvular in most varieties.

Afrikaans generally does not palatalise this before front vowels, but keeps it uvular, as in my experience do standard Dutch and Yiddish. All are languages that have a uvular not velar fricative (in Yiddish of course only from Germanic and Slavic voiceless back fricatives). It appears that uvulars may not be sensitive to palatal influence because of tongue shape. I've also noticed that many varieties of German, more than not in my experience, have a not very noisy uvular but definitely not velar fricative for <ch>, which does palatalise. As I recall, but am open to correction, there are varieties of Swiss German with a uvular trill for <ch>, and they don't palatalise.

In SA English speakers saying Sexwale (as well as Afrikaans loans with the same segment) have a uvular. The same is true of English speakers, in America, the UK and SA with Yiddish loans having this segment.

Thanks, Roger, for these observations.

I’d like to add two points: one about transcriptional practice, one about the facts.

The 1949 IPA Principles booklet, from which I quoted a few lines in last Wednesday’s blog about a (30 Nov), also has this (p. 12-13):
As with vowels, it is desirable to substitute more familiar consonant letters for less familiar ones, when such substitution can be made without causing ambiguity. … In accordance with [this] principle … the sound χ can generally be represented by the letter x. This cannot, however, be done in such languages as Eskimo or Kabardian, where the velar and uvular sounds occur as separate phonemes.
The 1949 booklet contains transcribed specimens of both Dutch and Afrikaans, both using the symbol x without further qualification.

Fifty years later, in the 1999 IPA Handbook, Carlos Gussenhoven says this about Dutch:
Roughly south of a line Rotterdam-Nijmegen, which is marked by the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Waal, /x, ɣ/ are velar, while to the north the corresponding voiceless fricative is post-velar or uvular.

And let’s not forget that velar—uvular is a continuum rather than an either/or disjunction.

Erg goed!

30 comments:

  1. The way I pronounce German (I grew up bilingual in Danish and Swabian, with the former as the dominant language), /x/ is clearly uvular after /a/ (e.g., in 'ach'), but it's much closer to a velar point of articulation after the other back vowels (e.g., in 'doch', 'hoch' and 'Buch').

    ReplyDelete
    Replies

    1. In the world of hacking we are the best when it comes to client satisfaction. Cyber hack lord is an experienced online Private Investigator/Ethical Hacker providing investigative solutions and related services to individuals. You might be curious that what hacking group services can provide? .. If you hire a hacker, you will need to be taken along with the progress of the hack till it is completed and that is what we provide at cyber hack lord. We render: +University Grades Hack, +Bank Account Hacks, +Control devices remotely hack, +Facebook Hacking Tricks, +Gmail, AOL, Yahoo mail, inbox, mobile phone (call and text message Hacking are available) +Database Hacking, +PC Computer Tricks +Bank transfer, Western Union, Money Gram, Credit Card transfer +Wiping of Credit, +VPN Software, +ATM Hack Contact us at:Cyberdemonhacker432 @gmail.com

      Delete
    2. Bitcoin Scams are becoming more sophisticated and many people fall victim to them. This can be very upsetting, but don’t feel ashamed —  if you’ve been the victim of a bitcoin scam and it’s important to report it and get the help you need. There is a new Agency set by the Government to help people recover their stolen funds from scammers if you have ever been a victim of scam and you wish to recover your Money please visit :
      Email: fund_recovery@aol.com
      To recover any scammed bitcoin
      Thank you very much

      Delete
  2. This is what Collins and Mees say about Dutch /x/ in their Phonetics of English and Dutch (which, BTW, is excellent):

    The back of the tongue makes a light contact with the rear of the velum. The exact point of articulation varies, but is probably more precisely described as post-velar [x̠] or pre-uvular [χ̟]. Typically, D[utch] /x/ as realised in (NL) ABN has a very energetic articulation with considerable scrapiness. In other areas (e.g. Southern Netherlands, Belgium), /x/ is made further forward, either true velar [x] or post-palatal [ç̠], and is articulated less energetically. These articu-
    lations are popularly termed the zachte g.

    ReplyDelete
  3. Arrgh. Diacritic fiasco. I should have known.

    First [x] retracted; [χ] advanced; second [x] plain; [ç] retracted. As is evident from the description.

    ReplyDelete
  4. John, I've been studying the articulation of Swedish and Inuit uvulars on X-ray motion films (the southernmost provinces of Sweden have uvular r, West Greenlandic Inuit have a range of uvulars from fricative to sonorant). The constriction turns out to be in the upper pharynx, the same place where the vocal tract is narrowed for [o]-like vowels.

    The best reference I can give at the moment is (copy all on one line)

    http://nile.lub.lu.se/ojs/index.php/LWPL/article/view/2317/1892

    The article can be read online or downloaded as pdf.

    Roger Lass's observation that uvulars don't palatalize makes sense - it's a long way from the pharynx to the hard palate. So I personally doubt there's a continuum between velar and uvular. The uvula is like your little finger dangling there, with open channels either side where air can always flow freely, so I've never understood how stops fricatives or trills could work there.

    When velars are palatalized, the tongue body rolls along the palate, from the velum to the hard palate in sequences like ..aki.. and from the hard palate to the velum in ..ika.. I had a paper on that at the Stockholm ICPhSc about 15 years ago.

    I strongly suspect I have a uvular allophone for /k/ adjacent to /o/ in words like 'awkward'. In (nonrhotic) 'corkscrew' I have uvular, uvular, velar respectively for three instances of /k/.

    ReplyDelete
  5. Dear Customers,

    Business-Capital-Experts
    We are currently funding for Business start-up, business developments, business expansion, Project and we also offer working Capital loan ILM.) Ranging from (20,000.00 to 10,Million Maximum IM-Euro,Usd,Pounds) Our funding sources specialize in creative solutions to meet your needs. We satisfy our customers’ financial needs and help them succeed financially. With Fast Process and Instant Approval.

    @2% interest rate
    Flexible repayment
    1 to 25 years duration
    Contact us today
    Email: capitalfundingsolutinfo@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete


  6. Dear Customers,

    Business-Capital-Experts
    We are currently funding for Business start-up, business developments, business expansion, Project funding and working Capital etc. Ranging from (20,000.00 to 45,000,000.00 In-Euro,Usd,Pounds) Our funding sources specialize in creative solutions to meet your needs. With Fast Process and Instant Approval.

    @2% interest rate
    Flexible repayment
    1 to 25 years duration
    Contact us today
    Email: triumphantfinanceltd@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete


  7. Are you INTERESTED in a genuine, fast, reliable LOANS with no hidden fees
    from a private lender? Just 2.0% p.a, tailored with a flexible repayment
    schedule to meet the borrower's need and also a grace period of up to 12 -
    24 months.

    We arrange business finance for companies of all sizes ranging from start-
    ups to established corporations, belonging to a wide range of industries
    such as real-estates, mineral resources, high-technology, oil and gas,
    leisure & tourism, hospitals & nursing homes, chemicals & pharmaceuticals,
    transport & utilities, renewable & sustainable energy, infrastructure etc.

    NOTE: All replies should be forwarded and send to the e-mail account below
    for quick response and further details regarding our rate, terms &
    procedures.

    Email: inforamzanloan@gmail.com
    Whatsapp: +1(301) 329-5298

    ReplyDelete
  8. We Facilitate Bank Guarantee (BG) & Standby Letter of Credit (SBLC) Instrument Direct Mandate Provider of Fresh Cut Bank Instrument for Lease/Purchase such as BG, SBLC, MTN.

    Intermediaries/Consultants/Brokers are welcome to bring their clients and are 100% protected We are direct to a provider for BG /SBLC Issuance by HSBC London/Hong Kong or any other AA rated Bank in Europe, Middle East or USA.

    Our BG/SBLC Financing can help you get your project funded, loan financing by providing you with yearly renewable leased bank instruments. We work directly with issuing bank lease providers, this Instrument can be monetized on your behalf for 100% funding: For further details contact us with the below information.

    email:kfaiztrippleainstrument.uk@gmail.com
    Skype: d65e4bb0261e5ece

    ReplyDelete
  9. GENUINE BANK GUARANTEE (BG) AND STANDBY LETTER OF CREDIT (SBLC) FOR BUY/LEASE
    AT THE BEST RATES AVAILABLE

    We offer certified and verifiable bank instruments via Swift Transmission from a genuine provider capable
    of taking up time bound transactions.

    FOR LEASING OF BG/SBLC
    MINIMUM FACE VALUE OF BG/SBLC = EUR/USD 1M
    LEASING FEE = 4%+2%

    FOR PURCHASE OF FRESH CUT BG/SBLC
    PRICE = 32%+2%
    MINIMUM FACE VALUE OF BG/SBLC = EUR/USD 1M

    Our BG/SBLC Financing can help you get your project funded, loan financing by providing you with yearly. RWA ready to close leasing with any interested client in few banking days

    Name : Scott james

    Email : Inquiry.securedfunding@gmail.com
    Skype: Inquiry.securedfunding@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  10. Are you an individual businessman or a business organisation that wishes to expand in business ??, we offer financial instrument such as BGs, SBLCs,MTNs, LCs, CDs and others on lease and sales at a rate of 4%+2% of the face value and reasonable conditionfrom a genuine provider. You are at liberty to engage our leased facilities into trade programs as well as in signatory project(s) such as Aviation, Agriculture, Petroleum, Telecommunication and any other project(s) etc.

    Contact : Mr. Abel Chadwick
    Contact Email: abelbroker9000@gmail.com
    Whatsapp : +380 50 922 4887

    With our financial/bank instrument you can establish line of credit with your bank and/or secure loan for your projects in which our bank instrument will serve collateral in your bank to fund your project.

    We deliver with time and precision as set forth in the agreement. Our terms and Conditions are reasonable and we work directly with issuing bank lease providers, this instrument can be monetized on your behalf for upto 100% funding. Intermediaries/Consultants/Brokers are welcome to bring their clients and are 100% protected. In complete confidence, we will work together for the benefits of all parties involved.

    All relevant business information will be provided upon request.

    BROKERS ARE WELCOME & 100% PROTECTED!!!

    If Interested kindly contact me via

    Email:~ abelbroker9000@gmail.com

    serious enquiry only.

    ReplyDelete
  11. We are major/Direct providers of Fresh Cut BG, SBLC, POF, MTN, Bonds and CDs and this financial instruments are specifically for lease and sale.We are one of the leading Financial instrument providers with offices all over Europe.

    we always deliver on time and precision as Set forth in the agreement. You are at liberty to engage our leased facilities into trade programs, project financing, Credit line enhancement, Corporate Loans (Business Start-up Loans or Business Expansion Loans), Equipment Procurement Loans (Industrial Equipment, Air crafts, Ships, etc.) as well as other financial instruments issued from AAA Rated bank such as HSBC Bank Hong Kong, HSBC Bank London, Deutsche Bank AG Frankfurt, Barclays Bank , Standard Chartered Bank and others on lease at the lowest available rates depending on the face value of the instrument needed, Our Terms and Conditions are reasonable.

    DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS:
    1. Instrument: Bank Guarantee (BG)/SBLC (Appendix A)
    2. Total Face Value: 10M MIN to 50B MAX USD or Euro



    3. Issuing Bank: HSBC, Deutsche Bank Frankfurt, UBS or any Top 25 .
    4. Age: One Year, One Day
    5. Leasing Price: 4+ 1%
    6. Sale Price: 32+2%
    7. Delivery by SWIFT .
    8. Payment: MT103-23
    9. Hard Copy: Bonded Courier within 7 banking days.

    If you have need for Corporate loans, International project funding, etc. or if you have a client that requires funding for his project or business, We are also affiliated with lenders who specialize on funding against financial instruments, such as BG, SBLC, POF or MTN, we fund 100% of the face value of the financial instrument.
    Inquiries from agents/ brokers/ intermediaries are also welcomed; do get back to us if you are interested in any of our services and for quality service

    Name: Richardson smith

    Email: richardsonsmith365@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  12. We are major/Direct providers of Fresh Cut BG, SBLC, POF, MTN, Bonds and CDs and this financial instruments are specifically for lease and sale.We are one of the leading Financial instrument providers with offices all over Europe. 
    We are major/Direct providers of Fresh Cut BG, SBLC, POF, MTN, Bonds and CDs and this financial instruments are specifically for lease and sale.We are one of the leading Financial instrument providers with offices all over Europe. 
    we always deliver on time and precision as Set forth in the agreement. You are at liberty to engage our leased facilities into trade programs, project financing, Credit line enhancement, Corporate Loans (Business Start-up Loans or Business Expansion Loans), Equipment Procurement Loans (Industrial Equipment, Air crafts, Ships, etc.) as well as other financial instruments issued from AAA Rated bank such as HSBC Bank Hong Kong, HSBC Bank London, Deutsche Bank AG Frankfurt, Barclays Bank , Standard Chartered Bank and others on lease at the lowest available rates depending on the face value of the instrument needed, Our Terms and Conditions are reasonable. 

    DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS: 
    1. Instrument: Bank Guarantee (BG)/SBLC (Appendix A) 
    2. Total Face Value: 10M MIN to 50B MAX USD or Euro 
    3. Issuing Bank: HSBC, Deutsche Bank Frankfurt, UBS or any Top 25 . 
    4. Age: One Year, One Day 
    5. Leasing Price: 4 1% 
    6. Sale Price: 32 2% 
    7. Delivery by SWIFT . 
    8. Payment: MT103-23 
    9. Hard Copy: Bonded Courier within 7 banking days 

    We are ready to close leasing with any interested client in few banking days, if interested do not hesitate to contact me direct. 

    Name:May Gary 
    Email:algecoglobalfinanceplc@gmail.com 
    Skype::algecoglobalfinanceplc    
     

    ReplyDelete
  13. We have a direct genuine provider for BG/SBLC specifically for lease, at leasing price of 4+2 of face value, Issuance by HSBC London/Hong Kong or any other AA rated Bank in Europe, Middle East or USA.

    Contact : Mr. DARREN C CHENG
    Email: Darrencraig002@gmail.com
    skype : keatcheng2@gmail.com

    Intermediaries/Consultants/Brokers are welcome to bring their clients and are 100% protected. In complete confidence, we will work together for the benefits of all parties involved.

    All inquires to Mr. Darren should include the following minimum information so I can quickly address your needs:

    Complete contact information:
    What exactly do you need?
    How long do you need it for?
    Are you a principal borrower or a broker?

    Contact me for more details.

    Whatsapp: +19733700521

    ReplyDelete
  14. We are direct providers of Fresh Cut BG, SBLC, DTC IPIP, MT103/202 GPI CASH

    TRANSFER and MTN which are specifically for lease, our bank instrument can be

    engage in PPP Trading, Discounting, signature project (s) such as Aviation,

    Agriculture, Petroleum, Telecommunication, construction of Dams, Bridges, Real

    Estate and all kind of projects. We do not have any broker chain in our offer or

    get involved in chauffer driven offers.

    We deliver with time and precision as sethforth in the agreement. Our terms and

    Conditions are reasonable, below is our instrument description.

    The procedure is very simple; the instrument will be reserved on euro clear to be

    verified by your bank, after verification an arrangement will be made for

    necessary bank documents and stock testing expenses, the cost of the Bank

    Guarantee will be paid after the delivery of the MT760,

    DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS:

    1. Instrument: Bank Guarantee (BG/SBLC) (Appendix A)
    2. Total Face Value: Eur 5M MIN and Eur 10B MAX (Ten Billion USD).
    3. Issuing Bank: HSBC Bank London, Credit Suisse and Deutsche Bank Frankfurt.
    4. Age: One Year, One Month
    5. Leasing Price: 6% of Face Value plus 2% commission fees to brokers.
    6. Delivery: Bank to Bank swift.
    7. Payment: MT-103 or MT760
    8. Hard Copy: Bonded Courier within 7 banking days.

    We are ready to close leasing with any interested client in few banking days, if

    interested do not hesitate to contact me direct. Email: wrightjames931@gmail.com

    Regards,
    Wright
    Skype:wrightjames931@gmail.com
    Email:wrightjames931@gmail.com
    We Offer Lease and Purchase BG,SBLC,DTC IPIP, MT103/202 GPI CASH TRANSFER AND MTN

    ReplyDelete
  15. Finding a genuine provider of financial instrument is very challenging but we are

    certified Financial Instrument providers in United Kingdom. Presently, we only

    focus on BG/SBLC,DTC IPIP, MT103/202 GPI CASH TRANSFER, MTN, LOAN for Lease and

    Sale transactions. However, our Lease BG/SBLC is 6+2% and Sale at 40+2%.

    Should you find this interesting and acceptable? Kindly, contact us and we shall

    review and respond with draft Contract/MOU within 48hrs maximum.

    Please request for full procedure details if interested.

    For further inquiry contact:
    Wright
    Skype:wrightjames931@gmail.com

    Email:wrightjames931@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  16. GENUINE BANK GUARANTEE (BG) AND STANDBY LETTER OF CREDIT (SBLC) FOR BUY/LEASE
    AT THE BEST RATES AVAILABLE

    We offer certified and verifiable bank instruments via Swift Transmission from a genuine provider capable
    of taking up time bound transactions.

    FOR LEASING OF BG/SBLC
    MINIMUM FACE VALUE OF BG/SBLC = EUR/USD 1M
    LEASING FEE = 4%+2%

    FOR PURCHASE OF FRESH CUT BG/SBLC
    PRICE = 32%+2%
    MINIMUM FACE VALUE OF BG/SBLC = EUR/USD 1M

    Our BG/SBLC Financing can help you get your project funded, loan financing by providing you with yearly. RWA ready to close leasing with any interested client in few banking days

    Name : Scott james

    Email : Inquiry.securedfunding@gmail.com
    Skype: Inquiry.securedfunding@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete

  17. Dear Sir/Ma We are broker firm in London-UK, we have direct Provider of BG/SBLC specifically for Lease and purchase, The provider is tested and trusted. We have been dealing with the company for paste 20 years. Interested Agent/Lessee should contact us.

    Email: globalcapitalasset@gmail.com

    Skype: Kevinreyes1972@outlook.com

    WHATAPP NUMBER :+1 650 741 1097

    Regards,

    Kevin Reyes

    ReplyDelete
  18. GENUINE BANK GUARANTEE (BG) AND STANDBY LETTER OF CREDIT (SBLC) FOR BUY/LEASE
    AT THE BEST RATES AVAILABLE

    We offer certified and verifiable bank instruments via Swift Transmission from a genuine provider capable
    of taking up time bound transactions.

    FOR LEASING OF BG/SBLC
    MINIMUM FACE VALUE OF BG/SBLC = EUR/USD 1M
    LEASING FEE = 4%+2%

    FOR PURCHASE OF FRESH CUT BG/SBLC
    PRICE = 32%+2%
    MINIMUM FACE VALUE OF BG/SBLC = EUR/USD 1M

    Our BG/SBLC Financing can help you get your project funded, loan financing by providing you with yearly. RWA ready to close leasing with any interested client in few banking days

    Name : Scott james

    Email : Inquiry.securedfunding@gmail.com
    Skype: Inquiry.securedfunding@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  19. Dear sir,

    I am a direct Mandate to a genuinely renowned Investment Finance Company offering Cash & Asset Backed Financial Instruments on Lease and Sale at the best rates and with the most feasible procedures.

    Instruments offered can be put in all forms of trade and can be monetized or discounted for direct funding. For Inquiry contact.

    Email: longmornprojectfinances@gmail.com

    Skype: longmornprojectfinance@hotmail.com

    Whatsapp : +1(661)262-9225

    Warm Regards
    Simon Federman.

    ReplyDelete
  20. We are major/Direct providers of Fresh Cut BG, SBLC, POF, MTN, Bonds and CDs and this financial instruments are specifically for lease and sale.We are one of the leading Financial instrument providers with offices all over Europe. 
    We are major/Direct providers of Fresh Cut BG, SBLC, POF, MTN, Bonds and CDs and this financial instruments are specifically for lease and sale.We are one of the leading Financial instrument providers with offices all over Europe. 
    we always deliver on time and precision as Set forth in the agreement. You are at liberty to engage our leased facilities into trade programs, project financing, Credit line enhancement, Corporate Loans (Business Start-up Loans or Business Expansion Loans), Equipment Procurement Loans (Industrial Equipment, Air crafts, Ships, etc.) as well as other financial instruments issued from AAA Rated bank such as HSBC Bank Hong Kong, HSBC Bank London, Deutsche Bank AG Frankfurt, Barclays Bank , Standard Chartered Bank and others on lease at the lowest available rates depending on the face value of the instrument needed, Our Terms and Conditions are reasonable. 

    DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS: 
    1. Instrument: Bank Guarantee (BG)/SBLC (Appendix A) 
    2. Total Face Value: 10M MIN to 50B MAX USD or Euro 
    3. Issuing Bank: HSBC, Deutsche Bank Frankfurt, UBS or any Top 25 . 
    4. Age: One Year, One Day 
    5. Leasing Price: 4 1% 
    6. Sale Price: 32 2% 
    7. Delivery by SWIFT . 
    8. Payment: MT103-23 
    9. Hard Copy: Bonded Courier within 7 banking days 

    We are ready to close leasing with any interested client in few banking days, if interested do not hesitate to contact me direct. 

    Name:May Gary 
    Email:algecoglobalfinanceplc@gmail.com 
    Skype::algecoglobalfinanceplc    
     

    ReplyDelete
  21. Hey , i am super excited today. I saw comments from people who had already received a loan from LAPO M-F and then I decided to apply based on popular recommendations and only a few hours ago I confirmed a total amount of 50,000 euro in my accoun. This is really great news and I advise anyone who needs a real loan to apply through their email: lapofunding960@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  22. Hey , i am super excited today. I saw comments from people who had already received a loan from LAPO M-F and then I decided to apply based on popular recommendations and only a few hours ago I confirmed a total amount of 50,000 euro in my accoun. This is really great news and I advise anyone who needs a real loan to apply through their email: lapofunding960@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  23. Apakah Anda mengalami kesulitan keuangan atau Anda ingin mewujudkan impian Anda dengan dana?
    Apakah Anda memerlukan pinjaman untuk melunasi tagihan, memulai atau mengembangkan bisnis Anda?

    JENIS PINJAMAN KAMI
    Pinjaman ini dibuat untuk membantu klien kami secara finansial, dengan tujuan mengurangi beban finansial. Untuk alasan apa pun, pelanggan dapat menemukan rencana pinjaman yang sesuai dari perusahaan kami yang memenuhi persyaratan keuangan.

    Data pelamar:
    1) Nama Lengkap:
    2) Negara
    3) Alamat:
    4) Jenis Kelamin:
    5) Bekerja:
    6) Nomor Telepon:
    7) Posisi saat ini di tempat kerja:
    8 Pendapatan bulanan:
    9) Jumlah pinjaman yang dibutuhkan:
    10) Jangka waktu pinjaman:
    11) Apakah Anda mendaftar sebelumnya:
    12) Tanggal Lahir:


    Kontak melalui email:
    {margiebatemanloanfirm@gmail.com} atau

    Nomor WhatsApp: +1 (321) 222-5654

    ReplyDelete
  24. Hello, do you need an emergency loan or do you want a business loan? Can you contact us today via email or WhatsApp?
    Email: joshuabenloancompany@gmail.com
    WhatsApp: +12094402417

    ReplyDelete
  25. ¿Necesita un préstamo urgente? En caso afirmativo, envíenos un correo electrónico ahora para obtener más detalles a través de: roseberryservice07@gmail.com



    Do you need an urgent loan if yes email us now for more details via: roseberryservice07@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  26. Bitcoin investment has changed my life because I invested my bitcoin with Mr Luis Carlos. He is a professional trader and he help me trade my bitcoin and he can also help you. My first investment with Luis Carlos, I profited up to $10,000 with my investment of $1,000 in 7 days, Looking into this week as well, what have you planned to achieve? Why not take that step now and contact Luis Carlos on email: tradewithluiscarlos@gmail.com or Whats'App : +16234044993 and surely he will help you change your portfolio status.

    ReplyDelete


  27. Hi everyone, I saw comments from people who had already got Blank ATM Cards from Mike Fisher. Honestly I thought it was a scam, and then I decided to make a request based on their recommendations. A few days ago, I confirmed in my door step to have received my blank card to withdraw 12,000 euros, which I requested for business. This is really good news and I am so happy that I advise all those who need a real HACKER should contact him and who are sure to reimburse to apply through their email (text or call) +1(765) 705-0044 There are sincere Hackers
    They are able to Delivered your Blank ATM Cards
    Contact Mr Mike
    E-mail: int.hackers002@gmail.com
    Telephone: +1(765) 705-0044

    ReplyDelete
  28. Bitcoin hesabı açmak mı istiyorsunuz? Tıklayın:Bitcoin hesabı aç

    ReplyDelete

Note: only a member of this blog may post a comment.